Patients' awareness of their rights: An insight from a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Knowledge and awareness of patients' rights are essential to reach the highest quality of care. In 2006, the Saudi Arabian government formulated "The Patients' Bill of Rights" to ensure that healthcare delivery is at its highest standard. Despite their efforts, several studies revealed patients' lack of awareness. In this study, we aim to investigate the patients' awareness of their rights according to the policy of a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted where the participants (n= 384) were in-patients and out-patients of a tertiary care teaching hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Informed consent was obtained, and confidentiality was maintained. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package Social Software version 26. RESULTS: Most of the participants were males (70.1%), in-patients (63.3%), and Saudi nationals (84.5%) with a mean age of 32 years. The mean awareness score was satisfactory (>7/14). However, more than half of the participants were unaware of their right to know the risks and benefits of treatment (55.1%), to know the identity of their healthcare providers (61.9%), to deny participation in research (58%), and appoint a healthcare proxy (64.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed the lack of awareness of certain aspects of patients' rights that require action in the means of hospital awareness campaigns and educational materials. Further research is required to generalize a consensus on the Saudi population's level of awareness and consequent steps to optimize the delivery of healthcare in the country.

The Effectiveness of Nigella sativa and Ginger as Appetite Suppressants: An Experimental Study on Healthy Wistar Rats.

Background: Obesity is a global pandemic that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Natural herbs are commonly used for weight reduction and appetite suppression. Therefore, we aim to investigate the role and mechanism of Nigella sativa (NS) and ginger on weight reduction and appetite regulation. Methods: This experimental study was performed at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. Twenty-five female rats were distributed into 5 groups: NS (oral 1000mg/kg), Ginger (500 mg/kg), NS-ginger (both interventions), a positive control (intraperitoneal 50 µg/kg Liraglutide), and a negative control. Each intervention was given for 9 weeks. Food intake and body weight were assessed weekly. Serum lipid profile and peptides involved in appetite control (cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin, peptide YY, and orexin) were assayed at the end of the experiment. Results: None of the interventions showed a statistically significant difference regarding food consumption or weight gain (p > 0.05). However, the three interventions significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), NS and NS-ginger significantly increased HDL, NS increased ghrelin and ginger increased orexin. Conclusion: The present dose and duration of NS, ginger, or in combination did not demonstrate a significant change in body weight or food consumption in comparison to the negative or positive controls. However, NS or ginger has improved the lipid profile by reducing TC and increasing HDL. In addition, NS or ginger can influence some of the peptides involved in appetite regulation such as the increase in ghrelin induced by NS and the reduction of orexin induced by ginger. We believe that these latter effects are novel and might indicate a promising effect of these natural products on appetite regulation.

Organ transplantation in Arabian Gulf countries: ethical and legal practice and beyond.

Almost half a century ago, organ transplantation was introduced to Arabian Gulf countries. The criteria for diagnosing brain death among these countries is relatively similar, in which the main area of discrepancy is the number of physicians required to diagnose and their required specialties. Regarding the organs and tissues allowed for transplantation, they must possess an intrinsic regenerative ability if they are harvested from a living donor to avoid jeopardizing their health. To donate, Arabian Gulf countries follow an opt-in consent system, requiring the donor's informed consent before organ procurement. Live donors can be related or unrelated to the recipient, although the latter is subjected to variable restrictions among Arabian Gulf countries and prohibition in one of them. This is due to its implication in commercial trade. Furthermore, the Gulf Health Council was established to coordinate different health initiatives and programs between Gulf states, including organ transplantation, in an attempt to improve the health sector of all of its member states. Although organ trafficking is illegal in all Arabian Gulf countries, their penalty systems vary from barring physicians, subjecting them to fines or even imprisonment. As for the attitudes of people towards organ transplantation, the willingness to donate varies among these countries. The rate of organ transplantation remains low. This article aims to cover the history of organ transplantation, brain death diagnosis protocols, organ donation enrollment policies and conditions, as well as the issue of organ trafficking in Arabian Gulf countries.

Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Background: Medical students are at high risk of suicidal ideation. Aim: We aimed to obtain information on suicidal ideation among medical students in Dammam located in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the College of Medicine affiliated with Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Suicidal ideation in the past 12 months was assessed based on responses to four questions in the depression subscale of the General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28). In addition, data were collected to examine the association of suicidal ideation with various factors. Results: We found that 1 in 3 medical students in the study had suicidal ideation in the past 12 months, while around 40% had lifetime suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was associated with feelings of parental neglect, history of physical abuse, and dissatisfaction with academic performance. Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study limits its ability to determine causality regarding suicidal ideation. Conclusion: These rates are considerably high when compared with rates from studies in other countries around the world. This study provides a reference in the field of suicidology for this region of Saudi Arabia.